Eugenics: An Excuse To Be A Racist Or A Means To A Better Tomorrow? :: essays research papers

Eugenics An Excuse to be a Racist or a way of life to a Better Tomorrow?The term eugenics was coined in the late 19th century. Its goal was to apply the breeding practices and techniques used in plants and animals to adult male reproduction. Francis Galton stated in his Essays in Eugenics that he wished to influence "the useful classes" in society to put more of their DNA in the gene pool. The goal was to collect records of families who were successful by virtue of having three or more adult male children who have gain superior positions to their peers. His view on eugenics can best be summarized by the following passageWhat nature does blindly, slowly, and ruthlessly, man may do providently, quickly, and kindly. As it lies within his power, so it becomes his duty to work in that direction.They sought to establish this by discouraging marriages that were unfavorable in terms of eugenics by attaching to them the stigmas associated with marriage between cousins.  &nbs p  Margaret Sanger, the pioneer of the movement for fork out control, came from a family that would have been viewed by Galton to be unsuitable for reproduction according to eugenics. She was the sixth of eleven children born into her poor Irish family. She felt that womens reproductive freedom was essential. She coined the term voluntary motherhood and opened the firstborn birth control clinic in the country in Brooklyn in 1916. Like many others who supported the birth control movement, she also supported the idea of eugenics trust that the "human race could be improved through controlled breeding." Sanger felt that all the problems of society were centered around uncontrolled breeding. She decided that women had the right to know to the highest degree methods of contraception and about the workings of their own bodies. Her views are best summarized by her statement regarding womens reproductive freedomThe basic freedom of the world is womans freedom . . .. No w oman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother."Angela Davis felt that birth control was not only advantageous to minority and lower-class women, but to women of "all classes and races." She did not however think that fewer children would help the plight of the human race and "could create more jobs, higher wages, better schools, etc., etc." She felt that if women were not troubled by several childbirths and miscarriages that they could pursue other avenues of life outback(a) of the constraints of marriage and motherhood.

Resume template

capability to communicate effectively in the workplace Licenses Forklift demonstrate Binomial license Driving license Over head crane license Traffic control license Excavator license skid steer license exsanguine card Skills Good technical knowledge competency to diagnose faults Ability to work unsupervisedExperience in the repair and maintenance of mobile equipment heavy vehicles Experience with American and Japanese drivels Trailer servicing and repairs experience Diagnostic skills Own tools Able to work in a team environment and independently. Flexible with hours. Attention to detail. Ability to demonstrate safe work practices Full understanding of operation and maintenance procedures of all site equipment Maintaining the workshop to a high standard Liaise with different staff members and suppliers Work well in a team, show initiative and be responsibleAccurate record keeping Able to travel when required Personal Qualities Ability to work independently Punctual Motivated Org anized Education 2004 2007 Year 11 Subjects English Mathematics Religious Education Catholic Regional College College finish Systems Technology Visual Communications & Design Wood Technology 2008 2012 Trade School Certificate Ill in self-propelling Mechanical Technology and Automotive Mechanic Heavy Vehicle Mobile Equipment TAFT Kananga Batman Safety staple procedures Apply emergencies procedures Charge and test batteriesComplete repairs to circuit wiring Repair instruments and warning ashes runnel components and identify faults Apply correct lubricants fluids progress toling technique Carry out serving operations Test cooling system and analyze results Prepare to answer diesel fuel system components Prepare equipment/engine for use and storage Service manual transmissions Inspect semi automatic transmissions Test hydraulic system and analyze results 2007 2008 Certificate II Engineering Studies TAFT Apply principles of OH&S in work environmentPlan to undertake a routine task Use power tools/hand held operations Develop individual career plan Use hand tools Perform basic machining processes Use computer for engineering work acts Perform basic computational principles Employment History 2012 2013 Operator mobile equipment & mechanic Full time Duties Central Bobcat Hire Operate machinery Traffic control Excavating Labouringly workshop duties Fully serviced & repaired machinery 2008 2012 Diesel Mechanic Mobile Equipment Service and repair all site mobile equipment

The Dork Continent Book Review

Upon hearing the title of the book, one might assume that it will focus on the decolonization of Africa. Africa is known as the dark continent because it remained a mystery to European explorers for an extensive amount of age. Instead, Mark Mazowers Dark Continent Europes Twentieth Century, focuses on Europe in the twentieth century, as the title nones, and provides a historical and political analysis of the modern European state from the end of the First world War up until the time of publishing the book in 1988.Mazower, a young British author and historian, has taught at the University of Sussex and Princeton, and is a prize-winning author for his book Inside Hitlers Greece The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944. The principal thesis of Dark Continent is that the victorious reign of res publica in Europe was not predestined, but emerged significantly from the endless splutter between ethnic groups and nations, as well as three rival theologies- Nazism, Communism, and Democra cy.Mazowers thesis suggests that democracy is not the essential preferred method of political organization, even when empires were falling and nations reorganizing after the ravaging of World War I. Of the three ideologies, Mazower concludes that Communism was the closest to being satisfactory in both theory and practice. The book begins with the discussion of the rise and fall of democracy. The struggle between the three ideologies was at the core of European twentieth century history.Preceding the the first World War, Europe only had three republics by the end of 1918 at that place were thirteen. Even so, democracy was unable to secure itself during inter-war years. Liberalism was short-lived and democratic values disappeared as political polarization brought much of Europe to the verge of civil war. Mazower notes that in 1930, Weimars Chancellor Hermann Muller warned that a democracy without democrats is an internal and external danger but the founders of post-war constitutiona lism had not given much thought to the matter.For many conservatives, the problem with democracy was simply due to the power it gave the masses in the supposed incompatibility of democracy and authority. The conservatives also feared that democracy placed too much stress on rights and not enough on duties. According to Mazower, the collapse of liberal democracy was the result of its focus on process rather than on results. In Mazowers view, Russian liberals assume mistakenly that a deep rooted social crisis could be solved by offering the people constitutional liberties(23).The consequence was that, at the end of the 20s was that the new-fangled nations that came about after the Versailles peace treaties came to be ruled by authoritarian regimes rather than democratic governments. The emergence of fascist and communist leaders with policies regarding state jibe of resources was unavoidable. For the citizens that were tired of the war and failed attempts of democracy, men manage Stalin, Hitler, Lenin, and Mussolini provided new hope for a stabilization in Europe.The pursuits of fascists like Hitler and Mussolini and the lesser in Eastern European nations whitethorn be reprehensible, Mazower admits, but it is at least comprehensible. What these dictators were doing was little different from what their predecessors in England, France, Russia, and even Belgium had done for the past half century culminating European imperial involution that began in the 1870s. By the late 1930s, it was evident that liberal democracy had lost its reign in Europe. Hitlers New Order appeared to be Europes future. Mazower argues that even in declination 1919 Lenin saw that both terror and the Cheka are ndispensable tools to maintain the permanent dictatorship of the bourgeois. Furthermore, the scientific term dictatorship, means nothing more or less than authority untrammeled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever and based directly on force (page 24). With that said, Mazower notes that communism turned out to be the last, and perhaps highest stage of imperialism. Mazower does an exceptional job at giving his view of Hitler. I found this to be a successful way of supporting his thesis. What I found to be odd was the way he described the works of Hitler.I would assume that he would clearly show his disapproval of the matter, rather he seems to come up the issue lightly. Mazower makes an attempt to make us see that Hitlers belief that Germanys destiny depended on the geographic replacement of Slavs in Ukraine. Moreover, Mazower suggests that the Second World War did not start because of diplomatic misunderstanding or confusion, nor even because of Hitlers deceit or duplicity. Rather it started because Hitlers opponents realized they were faced with a clash of two worlds-Berlin and London(82).What I did like about the book was the fact that Mazower explained the cause of communisms fall really well. I was a bit confused before of exactly what events sparked the fall, but I was sure aware and understood fully after reading this thoughtful book. As mentioned before, I found that Mazower seemed to praise Hitlers actions, suggesting that he was not part of the cause for World War II, but puts the blame on Hitlers opponents. It makes me question what side of the field Mazower is playing. Nevertheless, the book was a great read and provided an exuberant amount of historical circumstance in Europe.

Foreign Investment in Malaysia and Its Impact on Economic Growth Essay

Foreign direct enthronisation (FDI) means an international capital flows in which a sure in one country creates or expands a subsidiary in another (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). Directly, it means the subsidiary not only has the financial obligation towards its kindle company, it transports to the same organizational structure and value.Theoretically, companies involve in FDI due to cost saving on the location, usage of abundance resources, technology transfer, vertical integration (coordinating release and demand to an agreed price) and currency exchange that will reduce cost and increase value to sh beholders. FDI in a host country is forestalling to boost the manufacturing and operate industry and consequently boost up the economy.FDI impact on economy and socialThe area has been widely studied by economist and among others, in einsteinium Asia, FDI is used as channel of increasing capital stock and it has positive effect on the economic growth in Vietnam (Thu Thi, Paitoon, & Bangorn, 2010) and more growth in Vietnam if the come in is done in education, training, financial market development (Anwar & Lan Phi, 2010). FDI increase wages of skilled and unskilled labour (Oladi, Gilbert, & Beladi, 2011) and it couldincrease the household consumption in the host country.However, the distance of investors from origin country to destination or host country plays an important role in promoting FDI in the latter. This is a try out of macroeconomic gravity impact whereby the investors easily commute from their home country and understanding of the custom and language could reduce the barrier in communication. Foreign investment could contribute in ethical and structural norm in an organization rather than thewestern cultural transfers. Local cultural norm shall be adhered to during the duologue process in order to have a win-win situation between investors and local entrepreneur. It is also discussed that political stress may impacted the inflow of FDI by tight ening the rules and regulation which in turn will make the investment environment in destination country is less attractive compare to globose environment.FDI are positive correlated with network (Shaner & Maznevski, 2011) and regional integration (Nathapornpan Piyaareekul & Peridy, 2009) host countries levels of financial market and institutional development, better governance and appropriate macroeconomic policies (Polpat, Bangorn, & Paitoon, 2011 Vadlamannati, Tamazian, & Irala, 2009) ample improvement and learning experience from previous FDI (Takechi, 2011). Therefore, a good support from the government is vital in promoting the FDI in host country.Not only FDI expect good support from the government, study shows that FDI creates instability and worsen crisis (Kazi, 2011). The way to control FDIs in one country are defined the terms and sectors which they are allowed to invest do a thorough risk assessment on the portfolio and resolve global dispute in an organization such as existence tack Organization (Cohen, 2009).FDI and determinants are co-integrated. Among determinants FDI factors in Malaysia are openness of a company, interest rates, inflation rate, China joining WTO1 and level of corruption.(Ting-Yong & Tuck-Cheong, 2010). Comparing to ASEAN as a whole, FDI is looked as more market-seeking rather than profit-seeking due to growing internal markets (Siew-Yong, Chen-Chen, & Hui-Boon, 2010). Contrary, Prema-chandra and Swarnim (2011) found that FDI in Malaysia has eroded compare to outflow to another countries.World Trade OrganizationFacts on FDI in Malaysia (2002-2011)Annual percentage growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any proceeds taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for dep reciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources2.Data from World Bank (Chart 1 and Chart 2) revealed that FDI into Malaysia has a significant increment over past decade. However, there was a drop of FDI net inflows in 2009, due to instauration economic recession in 2008. The uptrend is picking up to a highest point at approximately USD12 billion from the last decade. Comparing to our neighboring country, Thailand, whom has a higher(prenominal) GDP, it has the same effect except the decline trend after 2010. It might be influenced by political crisis in Thailand since 2008 that effected international companies decision to extend their business in Thailand.From Chart 3, we gathered that the gross capital formation for Malaysia approximately between 20% to 25% of our GDP, with the lowest point at 17.84% in 2009 after 2008 recession. Foreign investment inflows are following the same trend and it clearly shows that FDI dropped synchronize with capita l formation following the recession.

Is Banning School Soda Machines A Good Idea

Is banning school soda machines a reasoned idea? Its non the governments Job to make decisions about what we drink and where we drink it. Thats why I think its a bad idea to ban soda machines from schools. Taking absent soda machines will take away the students ability to learn how to make healthy decisions for themselves. If they dont learn how to make healthy choices as a kid, they wont be satisfactory to make those good choices as an adult.The New York Times states that anyone who has tried to lose weight is likely to tell you that going cold turkey and avoiding tempting foods and drinks is setting ourselves up for failure, and that is exactly what banning particular foods and drinks will do. Removing unhealthy choices is setting you up for failure, and its not a way to teach students on how to make healthy choices. retention soda machines in schools will allow students to ask themselves, Is this a good choicer, Is this healthy? Soda machines in schools will teach themselves on how to make good and healthy choices. Although soda is mellowed in calories and sugars, there Is no evidence that it Is the direct cause of obesity. If schools carry only diet and zero calorie sodas such as diet eke and coke zero, the students would be drinking calorie free sodas with less sugar. That would allow the schools to still make profit and the students to get a healthier version of their favorite sodas.Another more beneficial way to decrease childhood obesity Is by dally exercise. This way your lungs and tenderness will get In better shape, while you are losing weight. Nobody wants to set kids and students up for failure. Banning soda machines In schools will set them up for that failure. Thats why I cogitate that schools shouldnt ban their soda machines from students. Source The New York Times Upfront. The New York Times Upfront I The News Magazine for High nurture. N. P. , n. D. Web. 4 Novo. 2012. Is Banning School Soda Machines A Good Idea By crimsoning will a llow students to ask themselves, Is this a good choice? , Is this healthy? Soda Although soda is high in calories and sugars, there is no evidence that it is the Another more beneficial way to decrease childhood obesity is by daily exercise. This way your lungs and heart will get in better shape, while you are losing weight. Nobody wants to set kids and students up for failure.

Investment Analysis about two companies.-Pratt Ltd and Dana Ltd. Essay

According to a detail investment analysis by assessing performance, efficiency and fiscal stability between two companies, we may find a company that is fitting for investment. During the period of analysis, accounting ratios atomic number 18 utilized to direct the discussion. However, there are some limitation relates to ratio analysis, which can be addressed further. At last, a company would be recommended by combining discussion of many factors. entrePotential shareholder faces two options about whether investing in Pratt Ltd or Dana Ltd. According to detail information from financial statements, we can use accounting ratios to break a better prediction and analysis about potential advantages and drawbacks in investing in one of these companies. Through interpretation of accounting ratios, we can calculate closely at the financial state of two companies-profitability, efficiency, and financial stability, and then decide which company to invest in.ProfitabilityProfitability rel ates to companies past and future performance, concord to Jacklin.et.al(2007), performance is great , not only because it determines investment returns, but also the analysis of performance may provide a good indicator of the find of bankruptcy. There are a number of ratios that assist in predicting performance. The first one is gross profit margin, which is represented by net sales dissever by gross profit. The ratio calculated in Pratt Ltd is 31.2%, while 37% in Dona LTD, which reveals that every dollar sales of returns 0.37$ in Dona is better than 0.31$ in Pratt, by and by deducting the cost of goods sold. The second ratio is selling expense ratio, which can be represented by sales divided by selling expense. This peckers the relative greatness of various expenses in the earning of profit by comparing them to the sales for the period. The will is 3.6% in Pratt, compared with 3.9% in Dana, which indicates higher sales revenue involves higher expenses in Dana than in Pratt. The next one is net profit margin, which measures net sales divided by earnings after interest tax. This reflects final return to shareholders, the dissolver got is 8.9% in Pratt, 10.5% in Dona. Dona achieves a better return for shareholders. The quality of income ratio focus more on cash generated, it is a measure of everywheresights efficiency. The result got is 43.5% in Pratt, 4.1%in Dana, which indicates that a lower quality of income occurs in Dana, which relates to the level of income in the form of cash flow.The next one is asset turnover ratio, which measures the birth of sales to total assets. It indicates how effective it is in generating sales from total investment in assets. The result got is 4.86% in Pratt, compared with 4.28% in Dana, which beyond the industry average level. presume valuation used the alike for each company, the ratio reveals that for every dollar of investment in assets, Pratt produced more sales than Dana. The next ratio is return on assets, w hich shows earnings from using the total investment in assets results from net profit margin and asset turnover we can compare firms on their performance in generating profit from their investment in assets.The result is 57.75%% in Dana, which is higher than Pratts 56.76%. Both ratios indicate good operating performance, compared with industry averages 54.39%. However, it is fire that Dana produce more profit than Pratt. Given their low asset turn over rate, Dana has a higher return on sales, because both them are the same type of furniture store. The last ratio to evaluate operating performance is return on equity, which combines the impacts of performance and financial social organisation. Jackling.et.al(2004) indicates the success or failure of management in using leverage to improve owners returns, when compared with ROA. Dana produces 79.87% in ROE, while Pratt brings 78.35%. Both firms experiences better performance than industry average. However, it is wise to chose Dana be cause more returns can be achieved by the use of leverage.EfficiencyJacking et.al. (2007) indicates that operating efficiency relates to capabilities of firms to manage its assets so that maximum return can be obtained for the lowest level of assets. The first ratio to measure efficiency is muniment turnover. The result got in Pratt is32 days, which is less than 34 in industry average, 36 in Dana. This ratio indicates that Dana takes more time to turn over into sales, compared with Pratt. Inventory levels are higher in relation to sales and may imply poor enumeration management in Dana, which results in high inventory holding costs and obsolete stocks that is difficult to sell. However, in Pratt, although it may indicate good management, it also indicates inadequate stock levels, causing lost sales and profuse restocking costs.Therefore, there is no applied bar to justify whether the higher inventory turnover rate, the more efficiency it can achieve. All what we need is a trust worthy comparable figure, which represents the overall perfect situation. The next ratio is accounts receivable turnover, usually expressed as the average number of days credit customers take to present their debt to the firm. Generally, a rapid turnover of accounts receivable is desirable, however, it should not be so rapid to require credit terms that deter prospective customers. The maximum allowed conventionality credit period is 30 days, which is thirster than 23 in Pratt, 27 in Dona. Pratt takes fewer days to collect cash perhaps due to wish of credit sales. Besides, it may indicate poor control over accounts receivable in Dana.This may result in some liquidity difficulties and finally, extensive writes-offs of naughtiness debts. The last ratio to measure efficiency is accounts take overable turnover, which represent the average number of days the firm takes to pay debts to suppliers of goods and services. Usually, more days firm takes to pay debt, a worse reputation can be established, which may lead to difficulties in gaining pay from suppliers and financiers in the future. The result got is 32 days in Dona, which is longer than 29 in industry average, 25 in Pratt. This indicates Donas debt repayment is less efficient than Pratt perhaps a large amount of leverage finance is used to promote sales. As well as we know, operating performance in Dona is clearly better than Pratt. The financial structure in Dona is complicated, which needs to be reorganized. Inefficiency in Dona may result in discounts for early payment being missed. this would cause larger amount of expenses in Dona.Financial StabilityShort-termJackling.et.al (2007) indicates that short solvency can be assessed by liquidity ratios, these ratios reveal whether the entity has managed its liquidity or cash flows accurately, they can also measure the entitys ability to repay its short-term debts. The first ratio used is current ratio, it indicates that the percentage of debts arising wi thin the next 12 months that can be met by assets expected to be liquidated within the same period. The result got in Dana is 170%, compared with 150% in Pratt.This reveals that Dana has excessive current asset holding, perhaps due to a poor turnover of inventory or accounts receivable. The efficiency achieved in Pratt is better than Dana. However, liabilities are more likely to be repaid within one year in Dana. Another ratio used is dissolute asset ratio, which excluding the less liquid current assets and the less pressing current liabilities, the result got is 0.64 in Dana and 0.60 in Pratt. Although there is more lasting financial structure in Dana, it is not significant if inventory cannot be sold and debtors will not pay. The ideal ratio may depend on how readily inventory and debtors can be converted into cash and how rapidly sales can be converted to a cash flow into the organization.Long-termJacking et al. (2007) indicates that the main destruction of financial managemen t is to chemical equilibrium the maturity structure of assets and liabilities. Debt to assets ratio and debt to equity ratio can be used. Both of the result got in Pratt is 45%.81%, compared with 43%, 76% in Dana. This result indicates that Pratt has higher leverage of the entity, it may result in increase in the cost of finance relating to interest payments and in the seek of bankruptcy. Pratt is less likely to repay all debts because proceeds from liquidation will be insufficient. Moreover, Pratt may be likely to have difficulty borrowing finances or at the least, may accept higher interest charges. The creditors are more likely to take action to appoint an official receiver or liquidate the organization, if it defaults in payment of debenture interest. Another ratio is used, which measures the safety margin of profit over interest payments, is called times interest earned ratio. The result got in Dana is 5.3, which is better than 4.7 in Pratt. It is safer in Dana that interest charges are well covered by EBIT.LimitationTiming problemsThe analysis is a static one, the ratios produced from the balance sheet show financial position at a point in time. The income summary cannot reveal any trend during the period.The information baseThe important information is frequently not disclosed, the data that is disclosed lacks detail. The comparison is difficult because of length of time an asset has been held or different valuation policies adopted by entities.End useRatios use information from the past and they are not good indicators of the future. No evaluation can take place until some standard for evaluation has been established. The use of ratios arises when some ratios appear satisfactory and some appear unsatisfactory.RecommendationBased on my analysis from three areas of profitability, efficiency, financial stability, Dana is more suitable company to be invested in. Operating performance in Dona is clearly better than Dana. Although operating efficiency in P ratt is better than Dana, it reversely reflects that Dana has a more stable financial structure the credit risk is lower in Dona. There are some limitations for analysis, but for both of two companies, their encountered impact is certain.Reference keyJackling, B, Raar, J, Williams, B& Wines, G2007, Financial Statement Analysis, Luisa Cecotti, North Ryde.

Quantitative Risk Assessment Essay

For the project of re deviseing packing for the Canadian market, quantitative risk discernment plays an important role. Quantitative risk assessment is, A process for assigning a numeric value to the probability of loss based on known risks and available, objective data used to determine potence direct and indirect costs to the company based on values assigned to company assets and their exposure to risk (InvestorWords.com, 2014). For this particular project, quantitative risk assessment impart be useful in determining not only which are areas of emf risk, but also to what degree these risks may affect the boilersuit integrity of the project.Revised Project BackgroundThe project of the re propose of packaging for the Canadian market currently consists of four different product lines including Dial, Tone, Right Guard, and run dry Idea, and consists of over 50 variants distichning the four lines. Each new packaging design is independent of every other thus there exists no interde pendency from design to the next. Each design observes a similar path consisting of initial review of changes, alterations, and additions by concern, marketing, and the design team, initial layout of established changes by the design team followed by a first round review of changes by marketing, legal, focusing and compliance. If additional changes are required, a second round of design and review is implemented up to two additional rounds as needed.Upon successful acknowledgement of new designs, the artwork is then sent to our preproduction team for development to printer-ready artwork. Once completed, the artwork is sent to a third party production house for mockups to be created to be sent to the parentcompany in Germany for final approval. If any designs are rejected (and they neer are), commentary from Germany is implemented into further redesign and the process is restarted. Upon approval from Germany, artwork is submitted to the printer.Printer will then submit print-ready , color-calibrated proofs for final approval. Proofs are reviewed by management for final approval before actual printing. Once printed, packaging is sent to a fulfillment house to have labels applied to containers and filled with product or have wraps applied to soap bars. Upon completion of fulfillment, finished product is shipped to various holding facilities in Canada for final disposition. As antecedently stated, project will span eight months from inception to final delivery.Risk Identification FrameworkManagement Delays As the majority of the work for this project involves objective changes and adjustments to existing packaging, the first phase, initial review by management, involves nominal risk. Management will evaluate and select which products will receive updated treatment for inclusion into the Canadian market. Once the products are selected, management has no further involvement outside of potential cancellations of various packaging designs or their requested involvem ent during a particular phase of completion. Design Delays As this project includes approximately 50 variants of packaging including labels and wraps, production must be coordinated to solelyow for enough time for completion of initial layouts and any infallible revisions, while taking into consideration the design needs and time constrains on the design team from other departments and for other projects running concurrently. While the project has a timeline of eight months, final design layouts must be venerated and ready for preproduction within the first four months of the project.The in-house design team will complete the bulge of the design phase of the project, though external design agencies may be utilized if time constraints are threatened. It should be noted that the use of external design agencies would incur additional costs. Also, the design process will require an initial review before being released to the review team for official review, to ensure all parameters have been incorporated. Review Delays This area constitutes the bulk of all potential delays. While individually packaging component is independent of oneanother, the review process for each component must be completed sequentially among the review team. There are five departments that will review each design layout and either approve or denote changes. Some of these potential changes are subject to additional changes or cancellations by other departments, meaning the first team may maneuver several changes that the third team can then override if the indicated changes are deemed unnecessary.Also, the number of rounds of review may add potential delays to the overall project. Another potential area of delay exists with the timely completion of review by the required departments. Certain key staff may be unavailable to review a packaging design during a given time period. To circumvent potential risks, each member of the review staff will have two resource staff members capable of reviewing each package design. Should no staff members be available to review, the particular review component is submitted to the manager of the appropriate department for their review. This becomes a last-resort scenario in that traditionally, managers indicate changes that exist outside the scope of the project. Review delays present unique difficulties in that not every team member provides feedback as to their casual availability.Pre-Production and Printing Delays The preproduction team will transition the artwork from its final design to printer-ready artwork. There is typically no risk for delay in this area. The printer will then produce a final round of art proofs calibrated to their individual presses. One round of revisions is already assumed and build into this process. Additional revisions are not typical though can present a nominal risk. Corporate Delays While exceeding unusual, corporate can play a smaller role in delaying a project by canceling one or more packagi ng designs, adding addition package designs above and beyond what management has previously approved, or by simply delaying the provision of final approval on all finished designed submitted. While these scenarios are unlikely, they do represent the extreme limit of delay-related risk in that they can affect the project for an indeterminate amount of time.Qualified and Quantified Risk MatrixReview DelaysReduce Risk coherent communication with key reviewers. Engage alternate reviews if primary reviews are unavailable. Enlist managers is alternate reviewers are unavailable. Greater than two days review time by each responsible team member. Project ManagerPre-Production and Printing DelaysReduce RiskConstant communication with pre-production team and printer will reduce or eliminate risks. Buffers in timing are already built into production times. Delays indicated by pre-production team or printer.ReferencesCooper, D. F., Grey, S., Raymond, G., & Walker, P. (2005). Project risk manage ment guidelines Managing risk in large projects and complex procurements. West Sussex, England John Wiley & Sons. InvestorWords.com. (2014). quantitative risk assessment. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http//www.investorwords.com/19179/quantitative_risk_assessment.html Loch, C. H., DeMeyer, A., & Pich, M. T. (2006). Managing the unknown A new approach to managing high uncertainty and risk in projects. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.